RELATIVE ADVERBS

An adverb (where, when, or why)
that introduces a relative clause, also known as a relative adverb clause.

 Introduce   

¨The relative adverbs where, when, and why also introduce adjectival clauses, modifiers of nouns denoting place (where clauses), time (when clauses), and of the noun reason (whyclauses)

¨

¨An adverb which introduces a relative clause is called a relative adverb. Examples are: when, where, why, whatever, wherever etc. Study the following sentences:

¨Here the words where, when, why and how are relative adverbs because they introduce the relative clauses that follow immediately.

The relative adverb when can be replaced by ‘in/on which’. Where can be replaced by ‘in/at which’. Why can be replaced by ‘for which’. 

 Study the following sentences:

* That's the restaurant where we met for the first time.
(where = at/in which)

* I remember the day when we first met.
(when = on which)

* Tell me why you were late home.
(why = for which, but could replace the whole phrase 'the reason for which')

* I don’t know the day when he came. (= I don’t know the day on which he came.)

* I know the house where he lives. (= I know the house in which he lives.)

* Do you know a shop where I can buy used laptops? (= Do you know a shop at which I can buy used laptops?)

* Do you know the reason why she cried? (= Do you know the reason for which she cried.) 


 Example

 

"The relative adverbs where, when, and why are exemplified

¨The following adverbs can be used to join sentences or clauses. They replace the more formal structure of preposition + which in a relative clause:

¨That's the restaurant where we met for the first time.
(where = at/in which)

¨I remember the day when we first met.
(when = on which)

¨There was a very hot summer the year when he was born.
(when = in which)

¨Tell me (the reason) why you were late home.
(why = for which, but could replace the whole phrase 'the reason for which')

 

¨"Like relative pronouns, relative adverbs introduce relative clauses.

¨- "The relative adverb when is used to modify a noun phrase of time. Such noun phrases include nouns that denote periods of time such as, day, week, hour, minute, month, year, and similar events.
- The relative adverb where is used to modify a noun phrase of place, location, or space.
- The relative adverb why is used to modify a noun phrase with the noun reason". . . The relative pronouns that or on + which can be substituted for the relative adverbwhen. . . .

¨"The relative adverb where begins a clause that modifies a noun of place.

¨
"A when clause modifies nouns of time. For example, 'My favorite day of the week is Friday, when the weekend is about to begin.'

 

¨The relative adverbs can be replaced by relative pronouns or by prepositional phrases with relative pronouns as complements."

¨"She smoked in the bathtub, where we'd find her drowned butts lined up in a neat row beside the shampoo bottle."

¨The reason why worry kills more people than work is that more people worry than work.

Direct And Indirect Speech

Direct And Indirect Speech

 

žDirect Speech (Kalimat Langsung) These are the words spoken directly by the people.

žIndirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung) Is pronounced sentence for reporting the speaker to others.So, indirect speech ( reported speech ) used when we want someone reporting words to other people indirectly.

 The changes should from direct to indirect speech: 

 1. To be & Auxiliary Verbs

       Direct                                       Indirect

žAm/is/are                    -            was/were 

žShall/will                       -            should/would

žCan                              -            could

žMay                              -             might

žMust                -             had to

žHave/has to

žOught to

 

2. Time & Place (keterangan waktu & tempat)

 

 

Direct                                       Indirect

žnow                                 -           then

žtomorrow                        -           the following day

žnext week                       -           the following week

žtonight                            -           that night

žtoday                               -          that day

žyesterday                        -           the day before

žlast week                        -           the week before, 

žhere                                -           there 

žthis                                 -           that

these                               -           those

 

3. Tenses

 

žDirect                                                   Indirect

Simple present                        -        simple past

Simple past                             -        past perfect                                

Present perfect                       -        past continous

Present continous                   -        past perfect continous žPresent perfect continous        -        past future

žSimple future

 

 

Direct & Indirect Speech Consisting of three types namely:

žI.       Statement (Pernyataan)

žII.     Command (Perintah)

žIII.   Question (P

ertanyaan)

 

 

I.         STATEMENT

We use in indirect statement said that ( bahwa ) as a link between sentences to introduce phrase (kalimat pengantar ) and reportedly ( kata-kata yang dilaporkan ) reported. Sentences in indirect argument introductory statement :

žHe said

žHe said to me                    that + reported words

žHe told me

že.g  - Mary told her friends “I have been to Bali twice.” 

- Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.

 

When the introductory simple in the present tense, and sentence was not undergo a change.

že.g  - John says “I will go to Bandung tomorrow”

ž- John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow

ž

ž-   Tom says “I don’t like English”

-   Tom says that he don’t like English.

 

II.      COMMAND

  Command divided into two parts, namely : 

1.      Positive Command 

žThe positive command we add to in front of the warrant, as a link between sentences introductory and orders reported. Sentences in this argument introduction of :

qto + infinitive

qHe asked me

qHe told me

že.g   - He asked me “Open your book”

ž- He asked me to open my book.

  

2.      Negative Command

  In order not to negative we add the orders reported.

že.g   - Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”

ž- Mary told John not to wait for her.

ž-  Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”

ž-  Father asked her not to go there alone.

 

negative Command

  In order not to negative we add the orders reported.

že.g   - Mary told John “Don’t wait for me”

ž- Mary told John not to wait for her.

ž-  Father asked her “Don’t go there alone”

ž-  Father asked her not to go there alone.

 

III.   QUESTION

  If a direct question a direct (pertanyaan langsung ) use such a word ask : where, when, why, what, who, how, et cetera, but the word is used as a link in reported speech. The question was turned into a positive. A introductory his argument:

že.g:

- The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”

- The man asked me where I lived.

If not using words immediately ask the question, and it is in the form of a question“Yes & No Question”, we use words : if, whether (jika, apakah) as a link between sentences introductory and the reported.

  e.g:

- The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near  here?”

-The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.

-

- The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”

- The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

Real conditional sentences can express generalizations and inferences.

Real conditional sentences can express generalizations and inferences.

1. Generalizations include facts that are always true and never change, and they include present or past activities that are or were usually true.

 

 

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing facts:If water boils, it turns to steam. If water boils, it will turn to steam.

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing inferences:-If it is raining, the streets are getting wet.

 Predictive conditional sentences can express predictions and plans.

 

. Predictive conditional sentences usually contain simple present tense in the if-clause and will or be going to in the result clause. However, a weaker modal of prediction (may or should, for example) can be used in the result clause to express less certainty.

Examples of predictive conditional sentences:

If the exam is hard, many students are going to fail.

 Imaginative conditional sentences are the most difficult for many learners of English because of the unusual relationship between form (the tenses used) and meaning.

 Imaginative conditional sentences can express hypothetical or contrary-to-fact events or states.

 

1. Hypothetical events or states are unlikely but possible in the present or future.

  Imaginative conditional sentences expressing hypothetical events or states have a past tense verb in the if-clause and would + verb (or might or could + verb) in the result clause.

Examples of hypothetical conditional sentences (present and/or future time):

If George had enough money, he would buy a new car.

 

2. Contrary-to-fact events or states are either impossible in the present time or did not happen in the past.

Imaginative conditional sentences.

Some examples:

If I were you, I would not do that. (I am not you; she doesn’t study for exams; it isn’t raining.)

Imaginative conditional sentences

Some examples:

If George had had enough money, he would have bought a new car.